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This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005


Map of Burma



Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Burma Top of Page
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years (1824-1886) and incorporated it into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; independence from the Commonwealth was attained in 1948. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. Despite multiparty legislative elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory, the ruling junta refused to hand over power. NLD leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who was under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 and 2000 to 2002, was imprisoned in May 2003 and is currently under house arrest. In December 2004, the junta announced it was extending her detention for at least an additional year. Her supporters, as well as all those who promote democracy and improved human rights, are routinely harassed or jailed.
   Geography    Burma Top of Page
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
22 00 N, 98 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Southeast Asia
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 678,500 sq km
land: 657,740 sq km
water: 20,760 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 5,876 km
border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
1,930 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m
highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 15.19%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 83.84% (2001)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
15,920 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
   People    Burma Top of Page
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
42,909,464
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 5,967,487/female 5,717,795)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 14,448,887/female 14,641,419)
65 years and over: 5% (male 939,092/female 1,194,784) (2005 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 26.14 years
male: 25.57 years
female: 26.72 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.42% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
18.11 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
12.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 67.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 73.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 60.7 years
male: 57.8 years
female: 63.78 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.01 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.2% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
330,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
20,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:
Definition Field Listing
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations (2004)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Burmese (singular and plural)
adjective: Burmese
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.3%
male: 89.2%
female: 81.4% (2002)
   Government    Burma Top of Page
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Union of Burma
conventional short form: Burma
local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)
local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the US Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
military junta
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
Rangoon (government refers to the capital as Yangon)
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
7 divisions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne)
: divisions: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon
: states: Chin State, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Mon State, Rakhine State, Shan State
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
4 January 1948 (from UK)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include participation of democratic opposition
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister, Gen SOE WIN (since 19 October 2004)
cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta, so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC); the SPDC oversees the cabinet
elections: none
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never allowed by junta to convene
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NLD 392 (opposition), SNLD 23 (opposition), NUP 10 (pro-government), other 60
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (pro-government) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [KHUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form parallel government in exile); Kachin Independence Army or KIA; Karen National Union or KNU; several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-government, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: vacant
chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-9044
FAX: [1] (202) 332-9046
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Carmen M. MARTINEZ
embassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)
mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546
telephone: [95] (1) 379 880, 379 881
FAX: [95] (1) 256 018
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, 14 white five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 7 administrative divisions and 7 states
   Economy    Burma Top of Page
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Burma is a resource-rich country that suffers from government controls, inefficient economic policies, and abject rural poverty. The junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after decades of failure under the "Burmese Way to Socialism", but those efforts have since stalled and some of the liberalization measures have been rescinded. Burma has been unable to achieve monetary or fiscal stability, resulting in an economy that suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including inflation and multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat. In addition, most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently ignored the results of the 1990 legislative elections. Economic sanctions against Burma by the United States - including a ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of financial services by US persons in response to the government of Burma's attack in May 2003 on AUNG SAN SUU KYI and her convoy - further slowed the inflow of foreign exchange. Official statistics are inaccurate. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade - often estimated to be one to two times the size of the official economy. Though the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, a better investment climate and an improved political situation are needed to promote foreign investment, exports, and tourism. In February 2003, a major banking crisis hit the country's 20 private banks, shutting them down and disrupting the economy. As of January 2004, the largest private banks remained moribund, leaving the private sector with little formal access to credit.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$74.3 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
-1.3% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 56.6%
industry: 8.8%
services: 34.5% (2004 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
27.01 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture 70%, industry 7%, services 23% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.2% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
25% (2000 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
17.2% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $474.9 million
expenditures: $955.5 million, including capital expenditures of $5.7 billion (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood; fish and fish products
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
agricultural processing; knit and woven apparel; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; cement
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.068 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.484 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
17,550 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
60,950 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3,356 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
49,230 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.2 billion bbl (2003)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.98 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.569 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
8.424 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.46 trillion cu m (2003)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$-185 million (2004 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$2.137 billion f.o.b.
note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
clothing, gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Thailand 37.8%, India 11.7%, China 6%, Japan 5.3% (2004)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$1.754 billion f.o.b.
note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
fabric, petroleum products, plastics, machinery, transport equipment, construction materials, crude oil; food products
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
China 29.8%, Singapore 20.8%, Thailand 19.3%, South Korea 5.2%, Malaysia 4.8% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$590 million (2004 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$6.752 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$127 million (2001 est.)
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing
kyat (MMK)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
kyats per US dollar - 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734 (2002), 6.6841 (2001), 6.4257 (2000)
note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
1 April - 31 March
   Communications    Burma Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
357,300 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
66,500 (2003)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: barely meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government; international service is fair
domestic: NA
international: country code - 95; satellite earth station - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean), and ShinSat
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 1, FM 1 (2004)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
2 (2004)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.mm
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3 (2003)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
28,000 (2003)
   Transportation    Burma Top of Page
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 3,955 km
narrow gauge: 3,955 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)
Highways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 28,200 km
paved: 3,440 km
unpaved: 24,760 km (1996 est.)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
12,800 km (2004)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
gas 2,056 km; oil 558 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:
Definition Field Listing
Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 429,144 GRT/659,622 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 19, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 3, roll on'roll off 3, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 10 (Germany 4, Japan 5, United Kingdom 1) (2005)
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
78 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 69
over 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
1 (2004 est.)
   Military    Burma Top of Page
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army, Navy, Air Force (2005)
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age for voluntary military service for both sexes (May 2002)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 11,254,374
females age 18-49: 11,303,100 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 6,512,923
females age 18-49: 6,789,720 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males: 440,914
females: 427,382 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$39 million (FY97)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.1% (FY97)
   Transnational Issues    Burma Top of Page
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops, in 2004 Thailand sheltered about 118,000 Burmese refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border; environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote Burmese uplands
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Definition Field Listing
IDPs: 600,000 - 1,000,000 (government offensives against ethnic insurgent groups near borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen, Karenni, Shan, and Mon) (2004)
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium (estimated production in 2004 - 292 metric tons, down 40% from 2003 due to eradication efforts and drought; cultivation in 2004 - 30,900 hectares, a 34% decline from 2003); lack of government will and ability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate money-laundering controls (2005)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005


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